Martin Lewis: What the Autumn Statement means for you – including wages, benefits, pensions, ISAs, housing, national insurance and more The Chancellor Jeremy Hunt has today (Wednesday 22 November) announced a range of tax, benefits and savings measures. We round up the key announcements and what they mean for you. The impact upon the world’s climate will be even more significant than this. According to data from the European Union’s satellite monitoring service, more than 1.7bn tons of planet-heating gases have been released this year by the enormous fires – about three times the total emissions that Canada, a major fossil fuel-producing nation, itself produces each year. Harrington, M.G. 1993. Predicting Pinus ponderosa mortality from dormant season and growing season fire injury. International Journal of Wildland Fire 3 (2): 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9930065.

Mitchell, R.J., J.K. Heirs, J. O’Brien, and G. Starr. 2009. Ecological forestry in the southeast: Understanding ecology of fuels. Journal of Forestry 107: 391–397. En promedio, el 59% de los combustibles finos fueron consumidos y las quemas redujeron la cobertura de arbustos en un 94%. El porcentaje promedio del volumen de copa que fue dañado alcanzó el 25%, sin mortalidad observada en los doseles de los árboles un año después de la quema. Un análisis a nivel parcela de los factores que incidieron en los efectos del fuego no mostraron fuertes predicciones en el consumo de combustibles. La cobertura de arbustos fue reducida dramáticamente, independientemente de la estructura existente en cada parcela. Encontramos una relación positiva entre el daño a las copas y dos variables de Pinus ponderosa como área basal relativa y cobertura de arbustos. Desde luego, ambos no fueron predictores importantes. Un análisis de las condiciones ambientales que ocurrieron en este sitio en los últimos 20 años indicó que había habido consistentemente períodos en los cuales se hubiesen podido realizar quemas prescriptas. En promedio, en 12 días por cada invierno hubiese sido posible realizar estas quemas de acuerdo a nuestros criterios. Dentro de ellos, las ventanas de prescripción en el tiempo fueron cortas, típicamente de uno a dos días, pudiendo presentarse en cualquier momento durante el invierno. Conclusiones You may have to apply for a licence from Defra to burn at any time in the year in areas that are both:Bellows, R.S., A.C. Thomson, K.J. Helmstedt, R.A. York, and M.D. Potts. 2016. Damage and mortality patterns in young mixed conifer plantations following prescribed fires in the Sierra Nevada, California. Forest Ecology and Management 376: 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.049. Kobziar, L.N., J.R. McBride, and S. Stephens. 2009. The efficacy of fire and fuels reduction treatments in a Sierra Nevada pine plantation. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18 (7): 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF06097. To test this hypothesis, we re-calculate observed 1981–2020 RxDay trends using a definition that excludes all FM constraints (i.e., using only meteorological criteria). Using this restricted definition, we find widespread decreases in RxDays on an annual mean basis (Fig. S4)—with strong decreases occurring nearly everywhere and in all seasons except in DJF (where trends are near zero or slightly positive). This suggests that vegetation aridification in recent decades has indeed yielded a net increase in RxDays in some historically cool and moist areas but that further drying would have the potential to push vegetation in this region “out of prescription” once again if fuels fall below minimum moisture thresholds. Future trends in prescribed fire windows lower annual DMB densities (e.g. Shandong and Jiangsu, with 15 and 21 g m −2 yr −1, respectively) but high GDP per capita (USD 9882

Hartsough, B.R., S. Abrams, R.J. Barbour, E.S. Drews, J.D. McIver, J.J. Moghaddas, and S.L. Stephens. 2008. The economics of alternative fuel reduction treatments in western United States dry forests: Financial and policy implications from the National Fire and Fire Surrogate Study. Forest Policy and Economics 10 (6): 344–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2008.02.001. Levine, J.I., B.C. Collins, Z.L. Steel, P. de Valpine, and S.L. Stephens. In Press. High-severity fire incidence higher both on and near industrially managed forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Record the location of the 5 points using GPS coordinates or an 8-figure Ordnance Survey (OS) grid reference. Ideally you should heat your home to a temperature of at least 18 °C. This is particularly important if you have reduced mobility, are 65 or over, or have a health condition, such as heart or lung disease. Having room temperatures slightly over 18 °C could be good for your health. Brown, EG, J Laird, and K Pimlott. 2018. California’s forest and rangelands: 2017 assessment. Ogten: http://frap.fire.ca.gov/assessment2017.If you’re burning in private or allotment gardens, follow guidance on garden bonfires. When you will need a licence to burn heather and grass Use a metal container with a tight-fitting lid to collect ashes. Place it on a non-combustible surface, away from wooden structures or flammable materials. Allow ashes to cool for several days before disposing of them.