Maeder Y, Dunet V, Richard R, Becce F, Omoumi P. Bone marrow metastases: T2-weighted Dixon spin-echo fat images can replace T1-weighted spin-echo images. Radiology. 2018;286(3):948–59. Fat and water protons precess at slightly different frequencies because of molecular structure. The effect is proportional to field strength.

FIGURE S4 Comparison of gradient echo water and fat images of the breasts obtained using fat-saturation and water-saturation (top row), two-point Dixon (second row), three-point Dixon (third row) and SMURF (bottom row) for the two volunteers not shown in the main manuscript (Figure 7). Fat-saturated images show some residual signal, low image SNR and strong shading artefacts. Two-point Dixon water images show very high residual fat signal, obscuring the visibility of small water regions (eg, breast lobules, veins) surrounded by fatty tissues, that can be seen in the SMURF water images (gold arrows “1”). Three-point Dixon images show even better separation quality, allowing the best depiction of very small water structures (gold arrows “2”). In Dixon images, mainly in the three-point images, there is a misattribution of water signal to the fat image, that is, fat-water swaps (blue arrows). The fat-water assignment in SMURF images is correct for all of these areas. (Note that FatSat/WaterSat, three-point Dixon and SMURF images were acquired using 2D imaging, while two-point Dixon images were acquired using slab-selective 3D imaging approach. The same non-linear grey scales were used for all fat images and all water images.) Heynen B, Tamigneaux C, Pasoglou V, Malghem J, Vande Berg B, Kirchgesner T. MRI detection of radiographically occult fractures of the hip and pelvis in the elderly: comparison of T2-weighted Dixon sequence with T1-weighted and STIR sequences. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2019;100(3):169–75. Get better brighter skin and then some. Pores look smaller skin looks clearer. Dark spots are less visible and your skin tone and texture evens out over time. It instantly reduces oil and keeps you from looking shiny all day.

A total of 75 scans were acquired; 25 repetitions of scans using each of three variants of 2D GRE acquisitions: (a)SMURF with CAIPIRINHA-shifted fat, (b)SMURF without CAIPIRINHA-shifting, and (c) “conventional” acquisitions (using broadband excitation and no spectral saturation). For each scan, fivecoronal slices were acquired with left-right phase-encoding direction, FOV=144×144mm, resolution=0.75×0.75×3.5mm, 50%slice gap, TE=13.8ms, TR=200ms, FA=41° and rBW/pixel=150Hz.

In the abdominal GRE imaging (Figure 8, Supporting Information Figure S5), fat-saturated images showed quite high residual signal and lower SNR. Two-point Dixon water images showed high residual fat signal but no fat-water swaps. Three-point Dixon achieved clean fat-water separation (very little residual signal), but some fat-water swaps occurred for all volunteers. With SMURF, the fat-water separation was quite clean and fat-water attribution was correct (ie, it corresponded to the known tissue composition) in all subjects. Meyer CH, Pauly JM, Macovski A, Nishimura DG. Simultaneous spatial and spectral selective excitation. Magn Reson Med. 1990; 15: 287- 304. Ladefoged CN, Hansen AE, Keller SH, et al. Impact of incorrect tissue classification in Dixon-based MR-AC: fat-water tissue inversion. EJNMMI Phys. 2014; 1: 1- 9.

Tips to help you stay hydrated with healthier drinks

when f H, water and f H, fat are not the same number? The scanner (well, the Fourier transform) assumes that any signal with Be careful, though, because caffeinated beverages, such as coffee, tea, or certain sodas, can have a diuretic effect. You will still retain a lot of the water in those drinks, but the caffeine will make you urinate more often, so you’ll lose more fluid than you would drinking water. Graph illustrating the difference between a low BW = low gradient ( blue) and a high BW = high gradient ( red). Scafoglieri A, Clarys JP. Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry: gold standard for muscle mass? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(4):786-787. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12308 a lower signal intensity on the out-of-phase images. We often use this clinically to look for hepatic steatosis or intravoxel fat in an adrenal adenoma. Note that